When stratified by income group, whole-grain intake in high-income adolescents trended upward from 2005–2006 through 2011–2012, from 0.6 ounce equivalent per day (2005–2006) to 0.6 ounce equivalent per day (2007–2008), 0.7 ounce equivalent per day (2009–2010), and 1.0 ounce equivalent per day (2011–2012) ( P trend <. Overall, consumption of whole grains increased from 0.5 ounce-equivalent per day (2005–2006) to 0.8 ounce-equivalent per day (2011–202), P trend <.001 ( Table 2). 008), and had a lower proportion with no whole-grain intake ( P =. 002), consumed a higher percentage of grains that were whole grain ( P =. However in the 2011–2012 cycle, the high-income group compared with the low-income group had higher whole-grain intake ( P =. In 2011–2012, we found no significant income-group difference in refined grains intake ( P >. Refined grains intake was higher for the high-income group ( P =. We evaluated trends and examined heterogeneity of trends with respect to annual household income.ĭaily whole-grain consumption among adolescents increased overall by about a quarter-ounce–equivalent per day (oz-eq/d) ( P trend.
Intake of whole and refined grains was analyzed by using generalized linear models, and odds of no whole-grain intake were examined with logistic regression, adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic factors. We examined data on 3,265 adolescents aged 13 to18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2012. The objective of our study was to evaluate recent trends in whole-grain consumption by US adolescents. It is unclear whether trends in consumption of whole grains have been positive among adolescents, and research assessing disparities by socioeconomic status is limited. Whole-grain consumption reduces risk of chronic disease, yet adolescents consume suboptimal amounts.
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